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Acupuncture and Knee Osteoarthritis
A Three-Armed Randomized Trial
- Hanns-Peter Scharf, MD;
- Ulrich Mansmann, PhD;
- Konrad Streitberger, MD;
- Steffen Witte, PhD;
- Jürgen Krämer, MD;
- Christoph Maier, MD;
- Hans-Joachim Trampisch, PhD; and
- Norbert Victor, PhD
Abstract
Background: Despite the popularity of acupuncture, evidence of its efficacy for reducing pain remains equivocal.
Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese acupuncture (TCA) compared with sham acupuncture (needling at defined nonacupuncture points) and conservative therapy in patients with chronic pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee.
Design: Randomized, controlled trial.
Setting: 315 primary care practices staffed by 320 practitioners with at least 2 years' experience in acupuncture.
Patients: 1007 patients who had had chronic pain for at least 6 months due to osteoarthritis of the knee (American College of Rheumatology [ACR] criteria and Kellgren–Lawrence score of 2 or 3).
Interventions: Up to 6 physiotherapy sessions and as-needed anti-inflammatory drugs plus 10 sessions of TCA, 10 sessions of sham acupuncture, or 10 physician visits within 6 weeks. Patients could request up to 5 additional sessions or visits if the initial treatment was viewed as being partially successful.
Measurements: Success rate, as defined by at least 36% improvement in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score at 26 weeks. Additional end points were WOMAC score and global patient assessment.
Results: Success rates were 53.1% for TCA, 51.0% for sham acupuncture, and 29.1% for conservative therapy. Acupuncture groups had higher success rates than conservative therapy groups (relative risk for TCA compared with conservative therapy, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.43 to 2.13]; relative risk for sham acupuncture compared with conservative therapy, 1.73 [CI, 1.42 to 2.11]). There was no difference between TCA and sham acupuncture (relative risk, 1.01 [CI, 0.87 to 1.17]).
Limitations: There was no blinding between acupuncture and traditional therapy and no monitoring of acupuncture compliance with study protocol. In general, practitioner–patient contacts were less intense in the conservative therapy group than in the TCA and sham acupuncture groups.
Conclusions: Compared with physiotherapy and as-needed anti-inflammatory drugs, addition of either TCA or sham acupuncture led to greater improvement in WOMAC score at 26 weeks. No statistically significant difference was observed between TCA and sham acupuncture, suggesting that the observed differences could be due to placebo effects, differences in intensity of provider contact, or a physiologic effect of needling regardless of whether it is done according to TCA principles.
Article and Author Information
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Central Registration No. ISRCTN27450856.
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Acknowledgments: The authors thank Albrecht Molsberger, MD, for supporting the development of the acupuncture schemes and Christina Klose for data management.
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Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest: Grants received: C. Maier, H.-J. Trampisch, N. Victor (Consortium of Allgemeine Ortskrankenkassen, Betriebskrankenkassen, Innungskrankenkassen, Bundesknappschaft, Landwirtschaftliche Krankenkassen, and See-Krankenkassen).
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Requests for Single Reprints: Norbert Victor, PhD, Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Current Author Addresses: Dr. Scharf: Orthopedic Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Dr. Mansmann: Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Marchionistrasse 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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Dr. Streitberger: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 100, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Drs. Witte and Victor: Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dr. Krämer: Orthopedic Clinic, University of Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstrasse 56, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
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Dr. Maier: Department of Pain Management, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Buerkle de la Camp Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Dr. Trampisch: Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Bochum, Overbergstrasse 17, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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Author Contributions: Conception and design: H.-P. Scharf, U. Mansmann, K. Streitberger, S. Witte, J. Krämer, C. Maier, H.-J. Trampisch, N. Victor.
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Analysis and interpretation of the data: H.-P. Scharf, U. Mansmann, K. Streitberger, S. Witte, N. Victor.
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Drafting of the article: H.-P. Scharf, U. Mansmann, K. Streitberger, S. Witte, N. Victor.
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Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: H.-P. Scharf, U. Mansmann, K. Streitberger, S. Witte, N. Victor.
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Final approval of the article: H.-P. Scharf, U. Mansmann, K. Streitberger, S. Witte, J. Krämer, C. Maier, H.-J. Trampisch, N. Victor.
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Statistical expertise: U. Mansmann, S. Witte, N. Victor.
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Obtaining of funding: C. Maier, H.-J. Trampisch, N. Victor.
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Administrative, technical, or logistic support: S. Witte, C. Maier, H.-J. Trampisch, N. Victor.
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Collection and assembly of data: C. Maier, H.-J. Trampisch.
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