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Clinical Course after Liver Transplantation in Patients with Sarcoidosis
- F. Adrian Casavilla, MD;
- Robert Gordon, MD;
- Harlan I. Wright, MD;
- Judith S. Gavaler, PhD;
- Thomas E. Starzl, MD; and
- David H. Van Thiel, MD
- From the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Requests for Reprints: F. Adrian Casavilla, MD, Transplantation Institute, Falk 5C, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
Abstract
The effects of liver transplantation and the obligate use of cyclosporine on the subsequent clinical course of nine patients with sarcoidosis were examined. Two comparison groups, each consisting of 18 patients without sarcoidosis, were also studied. The liver allograft recipients received either cyclosporine or FK 506 as their primary immunosuppressive agent. Patient and graft survival were assessed for all three groups. In patients with sarcoidosis before transplantation, evidence for continued disease activity after transplantation was also assessed. Patient and allograft survival were excellent. No clinical evidence of continued disease activity was noted. Thus, the presence of sarcoidosis is not a contraindication for liver transplantation in otherwise appropriate candidates for the procedure.
Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause that primarily involves the lungs and lymph nodes but is known also to involve the skin, liver, lacrimal glands, and potentially any organ or tissue in the body [1]. The disease is characterized by the presence of noncaseating granuloma consisting of epithelioid cells and activated CD4+ T cells.
Sarcoidosis can cause liver disease as well as hepatosplenomegaly, presinusoidal portal hypertension, and, rarely, a diffuse intrahepatic biliary disease similar to that seen in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis [2]. In addition to being a cause of liver disease, sarcoidosis often coexists with other well-recognized liver diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, and postnecrotic cirrhosis due to either chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection.
In either setting, patients with sarcoidosis become candidates for liver transplantation as a consequence of end-stage liver disease. By necessity, liver transplantation is followed by a lifelong requirement for immunosuppressive therapy to prevent allograft rejection [3]. Immunosuppression is used also as primary treatment for patients with advanced symptomatic sarcoidosis and for those with disease involving the pulmonary parenchyma, myocardial conduction system, eyes, and central nervous system. Studies suggest that such therapy is efficacious and prolongs life as well as organ function [4-9]. The effects of liver transplantation and the subsequent use of cyclosporine in patients with sarcoidosis have not been reported previously. We report our experience with liver transplantation in 9 patients with sarcoidosis and in 36 recipients without sarcoidosis (18 with cholestatic liver disease and 18 with hepatocellular disease) who were matched for age, gender, and time of liver transplantation.
Methods
Patients
From 1 January 1981 through 31 December 1991, nine adult patients with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis and with or without another cause of liver disease underwent orthotopic liver transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh. Their mean age was 45.1 2.8 years. Four were male and five were female. Their mean UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) score at the time of liver transplantation was 2.8 0.3. For each liver transplant recipient with sarcoidosis that was identified, four liver transplant recipients without sarcoidosis were identified who had undergone transplantation within 30 days of the patient with sarcoidosis: In each case, two of the patients underwent transplantation because of a parenchymal (hepatocellular) liver disease (mean age, 45.3 1.9 years; UNOS score, 3.1 0.2), and two underwent transplantation because of a cholestatic liver disease (mean age, 43.8 2.0 years; UNOS score, 2.7 0.2).
Chart Review
The medical and surgical records of the nine patients with sarcoidosis were reviewed to determine the tissue sites of sarcoid involvement, the course of sarcoidosis after liver transplantation, and the post-transplant course and prognosis as assessed by serial angiotensin-converting enzyme levels, pulmonary function tests, and chest radiographs.
Statistical Analysis
Life-table analysis for patient and graft survival was carried out using the methods of Kaplan and Meier [10]. The differences in survival between the patients with sarcoidosis and the two comparison groups were analyzed [10].
Results
The 9 patients with sarcoidosis, the 18 patients with cholestatic liver disease (8 with primary sclerosing cholangitis and 10 with primary biliary cirrhosis), and the 18 patients with parenchymal liver disease (8 with viral hepatitis, 8 with alcoholic liver disease, and 2 with cryptogenic liver disease) had similar demographic characteristics. None of the patients with parenchymal liver disease had hepatitis B, but eight did have hepatitis C.
Total bilirubin levels in the sarcoidosis, cholestatic disease, and parenchymal disease groups were 133.4 25.7 mol/L, 295.8 37.6 mol/L, and 35.9 5.1 mol/L, respectively; albumin levels were 27 4 g/L, 33 2 g/L, and 23 4 g/L, respectively; and prothrombin times were 15.1 0.2 s, 13.1 0.2 s, and 17.3 0.2 s, respectively. In each instance, liver function measurements for the sarcoidosis group fell midway between the measurements for the two comparison groups.
In patients with sarcoidosis, tissue involvement was demonstrated histopathologically. All nine patients had hepatic involvement; seven had pulmonary and mediastinal node involvement; three had lacrimal gland and skin involvement; and three had upper airway disease. The serum angiotensin-converting enzyme level and the peripheral blood helper (CD4+)/suppressor (CD8+) cell ratio were determined before liver transplantation in all nine patients with sarcoidosis: The patients had an elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme level (mean, 136 11 U) and a CD4+/CD8+ ratio of 1.9 0.2. All nine patients received cyclosporine. Graft and patient survival in the three groups is shown in Figure 1. No statistical difference between the three groups for either graft or patient survival was evident through 76 months (6.3 years). Although not significant, patient survival in the sarcoidosis group was arithmetically better through the first 5 years than that in the two comparison groups. The three deaths that occurred in the sarcoidosis group at 6 years were caused by metastatic hepatocellular cancer; recurrent non-A, non-B hepatitis; and cryptogenic cirrhosis.
The most recent laboratory test results for the survivors in each group were normal. No evidence of disease progression or continued disease activity was seen. The hepatic disease in each case was eliminated by the total hepatectomy required as part of the liver transplant procedure. The lack of disease progression or continued disease activity involving the lungs, skin, and lacrimal glands reflects the intensity of the immunosuppressive therapy.
Discussion
Our retrospective study showed that patients with sarcoidosis who receive a liver allograft and are required to take immunosuppressive agents at doses that prevent allograft rejection experience a remission of their sarcoidosis. These data confirm the beneficial efforts of cyclosporine in patients with clinically active sarcoidosis and those with disease involving critical organs [6-10].
Our results, when combined with those from earlier series of patients with sarcoidosis who did not receive an organ allograft, define the dose range within which patients with active sarcoidosis can be treated and their disease controlled completely without producing unacceptable drug-associated toxicities. Such information is particularly important in patients with sarcoidosis, who may require prolonged immunosuppressive therapy.
- Copyright 2004 by the American College of Physicians
