 |
 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Summaries for Patients are a service provided by Annals to help patients better understand the complicated and often mystifying language of modern medicine.
SUMMARIES FOR PATIENTS
Eating Walnuts Lowers Cholesterol Levels in People with High Cholesterol
4 April 2000 | Volume 132 Issue 7 | Page 538
Summaries for Patients are presented for informational purposes only. These summaries are not a substitute for advice from your own medical provider. If you have questions about this material, or need medical advice about your own health or situation, please contact your physician. The summaries may be reproduced for not-for-profit educational purposes only. Any other uses must be approved by the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine.
The summary below is from the full report titled "Substituting Walnuts for Monounsaturated Fat Improves the Serum Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women. A Randomized Crossover Trial.". It is in the 4 April 2000 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine (volume 132, pages 538-546). The authors are D. Zambón, J. Sabaté, S. Muñoz, B. Campero, E. Casals, M. Merlos, J.C. Laguna, and E. Ros.
What is the problem and what is known about it so far?
High cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) is a risk factor for heart disease. Drug treatments are available that can help to lower cholesterol levels. However, diet is a major part of treatment for everyone with high cholesterol levels and is often the only recommended preventive treatment for people who have not yet developed heart disease. One way to lower cholesterol is to change the fat content of diets by substituting polyunsaturated fat (which is mostly from vegetable oils and does not increase cholesterol) for saturated fat (which is mostly from animal sources and does increase cholesterol). Some reports have suggested that people who eat nuts regularly get heart disease less frequently than people who do not eat nuts. Walnuts are particularly high in polyunsaturated fat. A previous small study showed that cholesterol levels decreased when healthy men ate walnuts instead of other fats. However, that study included only men, all of whom had normal cholesterol levels to begin with.
Why did the researchers do this particular study?
To find out whether men and women who had high cholesterol levels could decrease these levels by replacing a third of the fat content in their diet with walnuts.
Who was studied?
The study was done in Spain and included 55 men and women (average age, 56 years) with high cholesterol levels.
How was the study done?
At random, the researchers assigned half of the study patients to eat a cholesterol-lowering Mediterranean diet, which limited red meat and eggs, emphasized vegetables and fish, and used olive oil for cooking. It allowed no nuts. The other half of the subjects ate a diet containing similar amounts of calories and fat, but walnuts made up 35% of the fat content. After 6 weeks, the subjects switched to the other type of diet for another 6 weeks. The researchers measured cholesterol levels at the beginning of the study and again after 6 weeks of each type of diet.
What did the researchers find?
Forty-nine people completed the study. Cholesterol levels decreased about 5% after 6 weeks on the Mediterranean diet alone and about an additional 5% after 6 weeks on the diet that contained walnuts.
What were the limitations of the study?
The study does not prove that eating walnuts will prevent heart disease, only that substituting walnuts for other fats can help to lower cholesterol levels in the short term. Note also that the walnuts were used in a diet that was already healthy in terms of fat content. The benefit of including walnuts in less healthy types of diets is unknown. The California Walnut Commission provided some support for the study but had no control over how the study was done.
What are the implications of the study?
Substituting walnuts for other fat sources may help to lower cholesterol in people with hypercholesterolemia.
Related articles in Annals:
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Teres, G. Barcelo-Coblijn, M. Benet, R. Alvarez, R. Bressani, J. E. Halver, and P. V. Escriba Oleic acid content is responsible for the reduction in blood pressure induced by olive oil PNAS, September 16, 2008; 105(37): 13811 - 13816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Kris-Etherton, F. B. Hu, E. Ros, and J. Sabate The Role of Tree Nuts and Peanuts in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Multiple Potential Mechanisms J. Nutr., September 1, 2008; 138(9): 1746S - 1751S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Olmedilla-Alonso, F. Granado-Lorencio, C. Herrero-Barbudo, I. Blanco-Navarro, S. Blazquez-Garcia, and B. Perez-Sacristan Consumption of Restructured Meat Products with Added Walnuts Has a Cholesterol-Lowering Effect in Subjects at High Cardiovascular Risk: A Randomised, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2008; 27(2): 342 - 348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nus, F. Frances, J. Librelotto, A. Canales, D. Corella, J. M. Sanchez-Montero, and F. J. Sanchez-Muniz Arylesterase Activity and Antioxidant Status Depend on PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M Polymorphisms in Subjects with Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Consuming Walnut-Enriched Meat J. Nutr., July 1, 2007; 137(7): 1783 - 1788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Sheridan, J. N. Cooper, M. Erario, and C. E. Cheifetz Pistachio Nut Consumption and Serum Lipid Levels J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 26(2): 141 - 148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. K Nies, A. A Cymbala, S. L Kasten, D. G Lamprecht, and K. L Olson Complementary and Alternative Therapies for the Management of Dyslipidemia Ann. Pharmacother., November 1, 2006; 40(11): 1984 - 1992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Cortes, I. Nunez, M. Cofan, R. Gilabert, A. Perez-Heras, E. Casals, R. Deulofeu, and E. Ros Acute Effects of High-Fat Meals Enriched With Walnuts or Olive Oil on Postprandial Endothelial Function J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 17, 2006; 48(8): 1666 - 1671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Estruch, M. A. Martinez-Gonzalez, D. Corella, J. Salas-Salvado, V. Ruiz-Gutierrez, M. I. Covas, M. Fiol, E. Gomez-Gracia, M. C. Lopez-Sabater, E. Vinyoles, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-Style Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Trial Ann Intern Med, July 4, 2006; 145(1): 1 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Mukuddem-Petersen, W. Oosthuizen, and J. C. Jerling A Systematic Review of the Effects of Nuts on Blood Lipid Profiles in Humans J. Nutr., September 1, 2005; 135(9): 2082 - 2089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. A. Eastman and B. J. Clayshulte Pecan Effects on Serum Lipoproteins and Dietary Intakes of Hyperlipidemic Individuals Consuming Self-Selected Diets Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, March 1, 2005; 33(3): 197 - 207. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-P. St-Onge Dietary fats, teas, dairy, and nuts: potential functional foods for weight control? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2005; 81(1): 7 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. C. Tapsell, L. J. Gillen, C. S. Patch, M. Batterham, A. Owen, M. Bare, and M. Kennedy Including Walnuts in a Low-Fat/Modified-Fat Diet Improves HDL Cholesterol-to-Total Cholesterol Ratios in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2777 - 2783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-J. Tsai, M. F. Leitzmann, F. B. Hu, W. C. Willett, and E. L. Giovannucci A Prospective Cohort Study of Nut Consumption and the Risk of Gallstone Disease in Men Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2004; 160(10): 961 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Zhao, T. D. Etherton, K. R. Martin, S. G. West, P. J. Gillies, and P. M. Kris-Etherton Dietary {alpha}-Linolenic Acid Reduces Inflammatory and Lipid Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women J. Nutr., November 1, 2004; 134(11): 2991 - 2997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-J. Tsai, M. F Leitzmann, F. B Hu, W. C Willett, and E. L Giovannucci Frequent nut consumption and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2004; 80(1): 76 - 81. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Ros, I. Nunez, A. Perez-Heras, M. Serra, R. Gilabert, E. Casals, and R. Deulofeu A Walnut Diet Improves Endothelial Function in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects: A Randomized Crossover Trial Circulation, April 6, 2004; 109(13): 1609 - 1614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Jenkins, C. W. Kendall, A. Marchie, A. L Jenkins, L. S. Augustin, D. S Ludwig, N. D Barnard, and J. W Anderson Type 2 diabetes and the vegetarian diet Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 610S - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sabate Nut consumption and body weight Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 647S - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.J. Zibaeenezhad, M. Rezaiezadeh, A. Mowla, S.M.T. Ayatollahi, and M.R. Panjehshahin Antihypertriglyceridemic Effect of Walnut Oil Angiology, July 1, 2003; 54(4): 411 - 414. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Kreisberg and A. Oberman Medical Management of Hyperlipidemia/Dyslipidemia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2445 - 2461. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Alper and R. D. Mattes Peanut Consumption Improves Indices of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Healthy Adults J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2003; 22(2): 133 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J.A. Jenkins, C. W.C. Kendall, A. Marchie, T. L. Parker, P. W. Connelly, W. Qian, J. S. Haight, D. Faulkner, E. Vidgen, K. G. Lapsley, et al. Dose Response of Almonds on Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors: Blood Lipids, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, Lipoprotein(a), Homocysteine, and Pulmonary Nitric Oxide: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial Circulation, September 10, 2002; 106(11): 1327 - 1332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. B. Feldman The Scientific Evidence for a Beneficial Health Relationship Between Walnuts and Coronary Heart Disease J. Nutr., May 1, 2002; 132(5): 1062S - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Hyson, B. O. Schneeman, and P. A. Davis Almonds and Almond Oil Have Similar Effects on Plasma Lipids and LDL Oxidation in Healthy Men and Women J. Nutr., April 1, 2002; 132(4): 703 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Munoz, M. Merlos, D. Zambon, C. Rodriguez, J. Sabate, E. Ros, and J. C. Laguna Walnut-enriched diet increases the association of LDL from hypercholesterolemic men with human HepG2 cells J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2001; 42(12): 2069 - 2076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. U Almario, V. Vonghavaravat, R. Wong, and S. E Kasim-Karakas Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2001; 74(1): 72 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Correction: Walnuts and Serum Lipid Profile Ann Intern Med, October 17, 2000; 133(8): 659 - 659. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Other articles noted Evid. Based Nurs., October 1, 2000; 3(4): 106 - 112. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Say ""Nuts"" to Fat! Journal Watch (General), April 14, 2000; 2000(414): 5 - 5. [Full Text]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Article
