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18 May 2004 | Volume 140 Issue 10 | Pages 778-785
Background: A previous paper reported the 6-month comparison of weight loss and metabolic changes in obese adults randomly assigned to either a low-carbohydrate diet or a conventional weight loss diet.
Objective: To review the 1-year outcomes between these diets.
Design: Randomized trial.
Setting: Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
Participants: 132 obese adults with a body mass index of 35 kg/m2 or greater; 83% had diabetes or the metabolic syndrome.
Intervention: Participants received counseling to either restrict carbohydrate intake to <30 g per day (low-carbohydrate diet) or to restrict caloric intake by 500 calories per day with <30% of calories from fat (conventional diet).
Measurements: Changes in weight, lipid levels, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity.
Results: By 1 year, mean (±SD) weight change for persons on the low-carbohydrate diet was –5.1 ± 8.7 kg compared with –3.1 ± 8.4 kg for persons on the conventional diet. Differences between groups were not significant (–1.9 kg [95% CI, –4.9 to 1.0 kg]; P = 0.20). For persons on the low-carbohydrate diet, triglyceride levels decreased more (P = 0.044) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased less (P = 0.025). As seen in the small group of persons with diabetes (n = 54) and after adjustment for covariates, hemoglobin A1c levels improved more for persons on the low-carbohydrate diet. These more favorable metabolic responses to a low-carbohydrate diet remained significant after adjustment for weight loss differences. Changes in other lipids or insulin sensitivity did not differ between groups.
Limitations: These findings are limited by a high dropout rate (34%) and by suboptimal dietary adherence of the enrolled persons.
Conclusion: Participants on a low-carbohydrate diet had more favorable overall outcomes at 1 year than did those on a conventional diet. Weight loss was similar between groups, but effects on atherogenic dyslipidemia and glycemic control were still more favorable with a low-carbohydrate diet after adjustment for differences in weight loss.
Editors' Notes
Context
Contribution
Cautions
–The Editors
Author and Article Information
From Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Dr. Stephen E. Kimmel and Dr. David Asch for their detailed review and comments on this manuscript, as well as Dr. Justine Shults for her valuable consultation on the statistical analyses.
Grant Support: By the Veterans Affairs Healthcare Network Competitive Pilot Project Grant.
Potential Financial Conflicts of Interest: None disclosed.
Requests for Single Reprints: Frederick F. Samaha, MD, Cardiology, 8th Floor, MC 111C, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104; e-mail, rick.samaha{at}med.va.gov.
Current Author Addresses: Drs. Stern, Iqbal, Seshadri, and Samaha, Ms. Chicano, Ms. Daily, Ms. McGrory, and Ms. Williams: Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cardiology, 8th Floor MC 111C, University and Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
Dr. Gracely: Family, Community, and Preventive Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129.
Author Contributions: Conception and design: L. Stern, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K.L. Chicano, D.A. Daily, J. McGrory, M. Williams, E.J. Gracely, F.F. Samaha.
Analysis and interpretation of the data: P. Seshadri, E.J. Gracely, F.F. Samaha.
Drafting of the article: L. Stern, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K.L. Chicano, D.A. Daily, J. McGrory, M. Williams, F.F. Samaha.
Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: L. Stern, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K.L. Chicano, D.A. Daily, J. McGrory, M. Williams, E.J. Gracely, F.F. Samaha.
Final approval of the article: L. Stern, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, P. Seshadri, K.L. Chicano, D.A. Daily, J. McGrory, M. Williams, E.J. Gracely, F.F. Samaha.
Provision of study materials or patients: L. Stern, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K.L. Chicano, D.A. Daily, J. McGrory, M. Williams, F.F. Samaha.
Statistical expertise: E.J. Gracely, F.F. Samaha.
Obtaining of funding: L. Stern, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K.L. Chicano, D.A. Daily, J. McGrory, M. Williams, F.F. Samaha.
Administrative, technical, or logistic support: F.F. Samaha.
Collection and assembly of data: L. Stern, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K.L. Chicano, D.A. Daily, J. McGrory, M. Williams, F.F. Samaha. ARTICLE
The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults: One-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial
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A. T. Merchant, S. S. Anand, V. Vuksan, R. Jacobs, B. Davis, K. Teo, S. Yusuf, and for the SHARE and SHARE-AP Investigators Protein Intake Is Inversely Associated with Abdominal Obesity in a Multi-Ethnic Population J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1196 - 1201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Boden, K. Sargrad, C. Homko, M. Mozzoli, and T. P. Stein Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Ann Intern Med, March 15, 2005; 142(6): 403 - 411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. A. Bray Is There Something Special about Low-Carbohydrate Diets? Ann Intern Med, March 15, 2005; 142(6): 469 - 470. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Ma, B. Olendzki, D. Chiriboga, J. R. Hebert, Y. Li, W. Li, M. Campbell, K. Gendreau, and I. S. Ockene Association between Dietary Carbohydrates and Body Weight Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2005; 161(4): 359 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. S. Bloch Low Carbohydrate Diets, Pro: Time to Rethink Our Current Strategies Nutr Clin Pract, February 1, 2005; 20(1): 3 - 12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Elevated Triglycerides: A Formula for Treatment DOC News, February 1, 2005; 2(2): 5 - 5. [Full Text]
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R. F. Kushner Low-Carbohydrate Diets, Con: The Mythical Phoenix or Credible Science? Nutr Clin Pract, February 1, 2005; 20(1): 13 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Hadi and G. L. Jensen Efficacy of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Short-Term Weight Loss Nutr Clin Pract, February 1, 2005; 20(1): 17 - 20. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. L. Dansinger, J. A. Gleason, J. L. Griffith, H. P. Selker, and E. J. Schaefer Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction: A Randomized Trial JAMA, January 5, 2005; 293(1): 43 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Thomas-Dobersen and L. Casey Case Study: Man With Type 2 Diabetes and Stage 1 Kidney Disease on Atkins-Like Diet Clin. Diabetes, January 1, 2005; 23(1): 46 - 48. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Ornish Low-Carbohydrate Diets Ann Intern Med, November 2, 2004; 141(9): 738 - 738. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Klein, L. E. Burke, G. A. Bray, S. Blair, D. B. Allison, X. Pi-Sunyer, Y. Hong, and R. H. Eckel Clinical Implications of Obesity With Specific Focus on Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Professionals From the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation Circulation, November 2, 2004; 110(18): 2952 - 2967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. T. Bloomgarden Diet and Diabetes Diabetes Care, November 1, 2004; 27(11): 2755 - 2760. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 23 Apr 2004 to 23 Jul 2004 Evid. Based Nurs., October 1, 2004; 7(4): e4 - e4. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Other articles noted Evid. Based Med., September 1, 2004; 9(5): e5 - e5. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. H Eckel Diabetes and dietary macronutrients: is carbohydrate all that bad? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2004; 80(3): 537 - 538. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Other articles noted Evid. Based Med., September 1, 2004; 9(5): 159 - 160. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Klein, N. F Sheard, X. Pi-Sunyer, A. Daly, J. Wylie-Rosett, K. Kulkarni, and N. G Clark Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies. A statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 257 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Klein, N. F. Sheard, X. Pi-Sunyer, A. Daly, J. Wylie-Rosett, K. Kulkarni, and N. G. Clark Weight Management Through Lifestyle Modification for the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale and Strategies: A statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition Diabetes Care, August 1, 2004; 27(8): 2067 - 2073. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Time to Take Low-Carb Diets Seriously? Journal Watch Cardiology, July 9, 2004; 2004(709): 1 - 1. [Full Text]
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 Low-Carbohydrate Diets: More Clinical Trials Journal Watch (General), June 22, 2004; 2004(622): 5 - 5. [Full Text]
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W. C. Willett Reduced-Carbohydrate Diets: No Roll in Weight Management? Ann Intern Med, May 18, 2004; 140(10): 836 - 837. [Full Text] [PDF]
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