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16 April 2002 | Volume 136 Issue 8 | Pages 565-574
Background: Improving diabetes care in the United States is a topic of concern.
Objective: To document the quality of diabetes care during 1988–1995.
Design: National population-based cross-sectional surveys.
Setting: Third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1988–1994) and the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS) (1995).
Participants: Participants in NHANES III (n = 1026) or BRFSS (n = 3059) who were 18 to 75 years of age and reported a physician diagnosis of diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes were excluded.
Measurements: Glycemic control, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, biannual cholesterol monitoring, and annual foot and dilated eye examination, as defined by the Diabetes Quality Improvement Project.
Results: 18.0% of participants (95% CI, 15.7% to 22.3%) had poor glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c level > 9.5%), and 65.7% (CI, 62.0% to 69.4%) had blood pressure less than 140/90 mm Hg. Cholesterol was monitored biannually in 85.3% (CI, 83.1% to 88.6%) of participants, but only 42.0% (CI, 34.9% to 49.1%) had LDL cholesterol levels less than 3.4 mmol/L (<130 mg/dL). During the previous year, 63.3% (CI, 59.6% to 67.0%) had a dilated eye examination and 54.8% (CI, 51.3% to 58.3%) had a foot examination. When researchers controlled for age, sex, ethnicity, education, health insurance, insulin use, and duration of diabetes, insured persons were more likely than uninsured persons to have a dilated eye examination (66.5% [CI, 62.6% to 70.4%]) vs. 43.2% [CI, 29.5% to 56.9%]) and were less likely to have a hemoglobin A1clevel greater than or equal to 9.5%. Persons taking insulin were more likely than those who were not to have annual dilated eye examination (72.2% [CI, 66.3% to 78.1%] vs. 57.6% [CI, 53.7% to 61.5%]) and foot examination (67.3% [CI, 61.4% to 73.2%] vs. 47.1% [CI, 43.2% to 51.0%]) but were also more likely to have poor glycemic control (24.2% [CI, 18.3% to 30.1%] vs. 15.5% [CI, 11.6% to 19.4%]).
Conclusions: According to U.S. data collected during 1988–1995, a gap exists between recommended diabetes care and the care patients actually receive. These data offer a benchmark for monitoring changes in diabetes care.
Editors' Notes
Context
Contribution
Implications
–The Editors
Author and Article Information
From the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Requests for Single Reprints: Jinan B. Saaddine, MD, Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE (MS-K10), Atlanta, GA 30341; e-mail, zna2{at}cdc.gov.
Current Author Addresses: Drs. Saaddine, Engelgau, Beckles, Gregg, and Narayan and Mr. Thompson: Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE (MS-K10), Atlanta, GA 30341.
Author Contributions: Conception and design: J.B. Saaddine, M.M. Engelgau, K.M.V. Narayan.
Analysis and interpretation of the data: J.B. Saaddine, M.M. Engelgau, K.M.V. Narayan.
Drafting of the article: J.B. Saaddine, M.M. Engelgau, E.W. Gregg, K.M.V. Narayan.
Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: J.B. Saaddine, M.M. Engelgau, G.L. Beckles, E.W. Gregg, T.J. Thompson, K.M.V. Narayan.
Final approval of the article: J.B. Saaddine, M.M. Engelgau, G.L. Beckles, E.W. Gregg, T.J. Thompson, K.M.V. Narayan.
Provision of study materials or patients: J.B. Saaddine.
Statistical expertise: T.J. Thompson.
Administrative, technical, or logistic support: J.B. Saaddine, M.M. Engelgau, G.L. Beckles, K.M.V. Narayan. ARTICLE
A Diabetes Report Card for the United States: Quality of Care in the 1990s
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A. G. Kennedy, C. D. MacLean, B. Littenberg, P. A. Ades, and R. G. Pinckney The Challenge of Achieving National Cholesterol Goals in Patients With Diabetes Diabetes Care, May 1, 2005; 28(5): 1029 - 1034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. L. Booth, J. E. Hux, J. Fang, and B. T.B. Chan Time Trends and Geographic Disparities in Acute Complications of Diabetes in Ontario, Canada Diabetes Care, May 1, 2005; 28(5): 1045 - 1050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. F. Brown, L. Jiang, D. S. Fong, P. R. Gutierrez, A. L. Coleman, P. P. Lee, J. Adams, and C. M. Mangione Need for Eye Care Among Older Adults With Diabetes Mellitus in Fee-for-Service and Managed Medicare Arch Ophthalmol, May 1, 2005; 123(5): 669 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Pollitz, E. Bangit, K. Lucia, M. Kofman, K. Montgomery, and H. Whelan Health Insurance and Diabetes: The Lack of Available, Affordable, and Adequate Coverage Clin. Diabetes, April 1, 2005; 23(2): 88 - 90. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Johnson, D. T. Eurich, E. L. Toth, R. Z. Lewanczuk, T. Lee, and S. R. Majumdar Generalizability and Persistence of a Multifaceted Intervention for Improving Quality of Care for Rural Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, April 1, 2005; 28(4): 783 - 788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C.-L. Tseng, M. Brimacombe, M. Xie, M. Rajan, H. Wang, J. Kolassa, S. Crystal, T.-C. Chen, L. Pogach, and M. Safford Seasonal Patterns in Monthly Hemoglobin A1c Values Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2005; 161(6): 565 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Delaronde Barriers to A1C Testing Among a Managed Care Population The Diabetes Educator, March 1, 2005; 31(2): 235 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. K. Rhee, W. Slocum, D. C. Ziemer, S. D. Culler, C. B. Cook, I. M. El-Kebbi, D. L. Gallina, C. Barnes, and L. S. Phillips Patient Adherence Improves Glycemic Control The Diabetes Educator, March 1, 2005; 31(2): 240 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. R. Shah, J. E. Hux, A. Laupacis, B. Zinman, and C. van Walraven Clinical Inertia in Response to Inadequate Glycemic Control: Do specialists differ from primary care physicians? Diabetes Care, March 1, 2005; 28(3): 600 - 606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. W. Grant, J. B. Buse, J. B. Meigs, and for the University HealthSystem Consortium Diabet Quality of Diabetes Care in U.S. Academic Medical Centers: Low rates of medical regimen change Diabetes Care, February 1, 2005; 28(2): 337 - 442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. D. Persell and D. W. Baker Aspirin Use Among Adults With Diabetes: Recent Trends and Emerging Sex Disparities Arch Intern Med, December 13, 2004; 164(22): 2492 - 2499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. D MacLean, B. Littenberg, M. Gagnon, M. Reardon, P. D Turner, and C. Jordan The Vermont Diabetes Information System (VDIS): study design and subject recruitment for a cluster randomized trial of a decision support system in a regional sample of primary care practices Clinical Trials, December 1, 2004; 1(6): 532 - 544. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. Leal, J. J. Glover, R. N. Herrier, and A. Felix Improving Quality of Care in Diabetes Through a Comprehensive Pharmacist-Based Disease Management Program Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2983 - 2984. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. S. Fox, S. Coady, P. D. Sorlie, D. Levy, J. B. Meigs, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, P. W. F. Wilson, and P. J. Savage Trends in Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes JAMA, November 24, 2004; 292(20): 2495 - 2499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. G. Mainous III, D. E. King, D. R. Garr, and W. S. Pearson Race, Rural Residence, and Control of Diabetes and Hypertension Ann. Fam. Med, November 1, 2004; 2(6): 563 - 568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. W. Grant, E. Cagliero, C. M. Sullivan, A. K. Dubey, G. A. Estey, E. M. Weil, J. Gesmundo, D. M. Nathan, D. E. Singer, H. C. Chueh, et al. A Controlled Trial of Population Management: Diabetes Mellitus: Putting Evidence into Practice (DM-PEP) Diabetes Care, October 1, 2004; 27(10): 2299 - 2305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. O'Connor, S. E. Asche, A. L. Crain, W. A. Rush, R. R. Whitebird, L. I. Solberg, and J. M. Sperl-Hillen Is Patient Readiness to Change a Predictor of Improved Glycemic Control? Diabetes Care, October 1, 2004; 27(10): 2325 - 2329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. C. White, R. A. Bell, C. D. Langefeld, and S. A. Jackson Preventive Foot-Care Practices Among Adults with Diabetes in North Carolina, 1997 to 2001 J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, September 1, 2004; 94(5): 483 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. A. Kerr, R. B. Gerzoff, S. L. Krein, J. V. Selby, J. D. Piette, J. D. Curb, W. H. Herman, D. G. Marrero, K.M. V. Narayan, M. M. Safford, et al. Diabetes Care Quality in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Commercial Managed Care: The TRIAD Study Ann Intern Med, August 17, 2004; 141(4): 272 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Kim, D. F. Williamson, C. M. Mangione, M. M. Safford, J. V. Selby, D. G. Marrero, J. D. Curb, T. J. Thompson, K.M. Venkat Narayan, and W. H. Herman Managed Care Organization and the Quality of Diabetes Care: The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study Diabetes Care, July 1, 2004; 27(7): 1529 - 1534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. L. Fanning, B. J. Selwyn, A. C. Larme, and R. A. DeFronzo Improving Efficacy of Diabetes Management Using Treatment Algorithms in a Mainly Hispanic Population Diabetes Care, July 1, 2004; 27(7): 1638 - 1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. G. Villagra and T. Ahmed Effectiveness Of A Disease Management Program For Patients With Diabetes Health Aff., July 1, 2004; 23(4): 255 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. L. Maddigan, S. R. Majumdar, L. M. Guirguis, R. Z. Lewanczuk, T. K. Lee, E. L. Toth, and J. A. Johnson Improvements in Patient-Reported Outcomes Associated With an Intervention to Enhance Quality of Care for Rural Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a controlled trial Diabetes Care, June 1, 2004; 27(6): 1306 - 1312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Venkat Narayan, E. Benjamin, E. W. Gregg, S. L. Norris, and M. M. Engelgau Diabetes Translation Research: Where Are We and Where Do We Want To Be? Ann Intern Med, June 1, 2004; 140(11): 958 - 963. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. W. Grant, P. A. Pirraglia, J. B. Meigs, and D. E. Singer Trends in Complexity of Diabetes Care in the United States From 1991 to 2000 Arch Intern Med, May 24, 2004; 164(10): 1134 - 1139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Nathan and W. H. Herman Screening for Diabetes: Can We Afford Not To Screen? Ann Intern Med, May 4, 2004; 140(9): 756 - 758. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. M. Montori, P. K. Helgemoe, G. H. Guyatt, D. S. Dean, T. W. Leung, S. A. Smith, and Y. C. Kudva Telecare for Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Inadequate Glycemic Control: A randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis Diabetes Care, May 1, 2004; 27(5): 1088 - 1094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. T Cioffi, M. F Caron, J. S Kalus, P. Hill, and T. E Buckley Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Cardiovascular, and Renal Outcomes in a Pharmacist-Managed Clinic Ann. Pharmacother., May 1, 2004; 38(5): 771 - 775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Siminerio, J. Zgibor, and F. X. Solano Jr. Implementing the Chronic Care Model for Improvements in Diabetes Practice and Outcomes in Primary Care: The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Experience Clin. Diabetes, April 1, 2004; 22(2): 54 - 58. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Beaton, S. S. Nag, M. J. Gunter, J. M. Gleeson, S. S. Sajjan, and C. M. Alexander Adequacy of Glycemic, Lipid, and Blood Pressure Management for Patients With Diabetes in a Managed Care Setting Diabetes Care, March 1, 2004; 27(3): 694 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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