 |
 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 February 1998 | Volume 128 Issue 4 | Pages 262-269
Background: Carotid arterial intima-media thickness is used as a noninvasive surrogate end point to measure progression of atherosclerosis, but its relation to coronary events has not been fully explored.
Objective: To determine whether carotid arterial intima-media thickness predicts coronary events.
Design: Long-term follow-up (average, 8.8 years) of a previously assembled cohort of persons who completed the 2-year Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study, a randomized arterial imaging trial designed to study the effects of lipid lowering on progression of atherosclerosis.
Setting: University-based ultrasonography laboratory.
Patients: 146 men 40 to 59 years of age who had previously had coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Measurements: Preintrusive atherosclerosis in the common carotid artery was evaluated every 6 months with B-mode ultrasonography, and intrusive atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries was evaluated at baseline and at 2 years with quantitative coronary angiography. After the trial, the incidences of coronary events (nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, coronary death, and coronary artery revascularization) were documented.
Results: For each 0.03-mm increase per year in carotid arterial intima-media thickness, the relative risk for non-fatal myocardial infarction or coronary death was 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.6) and the relative risk for any coronary event was 3.1 (CI, 2.1 to 4.5) (P < 0.001). Absolute intima-media thickness was also related to risk for clinical coronary events (P < 0.02). Absolute thickness and progression in thickness predicted risk for coronary events beyond that predicted by coronary arterial measures of atherosclerosis and lipid measurements (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Noninvasive B-mode ultrasonographic measurement of progression of intima-media thickness in the distal common carotid artery is a useful surrogate end point for clinical coronary events.
Author and Article Information
From University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
ARTICLE
The Role of Carotid Arterial Intima-Media Thickness in Predicting Clinical Coronary Events
Grant Support: By the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute through investigator-initiated grants to Dr. Hodis (RO1-HL-49885) and Dr. Mack (RO3-HL-54532).
Requests for Reprints: Howard N. Hodis, MD, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 132, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
Current Author Addresses: Drs. Hodis, Chao-ran Liu, and Ci-hua Liu: Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 132, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. Egger, A. Krasinski, B. K. Rutt, A. Fenster, and G. Parraga Comparison of B-Mode Ultrasound, 3-Dimensional Ultrasound, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurements of Carotid Atherosclerosis J. Ultrasound Med., September 1, 2008; 27(9): 1321 - 1334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. J. Samani, O. T. Raitakari, K. Sipila, M. D. Tobin, H. Schunkert, M. Juonala, P. S. Braund, J. Erdmann, J. Viikari, L. Moilanen, et al. Coronary Artery Disease-Associated Locus on Chromosome 9p21 and Early Markers of Atherosclerosis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2008; 28(9): 1679 - 1683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Prati, A. Tosetto, D. Vanuzzo, G. Bader, M. Casaroli, L. Canciani, S. Castellani, and P.-J. Touboul Carotid Intima Media Thickness and Plaques Can Predict the Occurrence of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events Stroke, September 1, 2008; 39(9): 2470 - 2476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Steinberg, E. J. Eichhorn, W. E. Connor, G. A. Diamond, S. Kaul, J. A. Blake, H. R. Davis Jr., N. J. Murgolo, M. P. Graziano, T. Kaye, et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med., July 31, 2008; 359(5): 529 - 530. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Frontini, S. R. Srinivasan, J. Xu, R. Tang, M. G. Bond, and G. S. Berenson Usefulness of Childhood Non-High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Versus Other Lipoprotein Measures in Predicting Adult Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The Bogalusa Heart Study Pediatrics, May 1, 2008; 121(5): 924 - 929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Davidson, P. M. Meyer, S. Haffner, S. Feinstein, R. D'Agostino Sr, G. T. Kondos, A. Perez, Z. Chen, and T. Mazzone Increased High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Predicts the Pioglitazone-Mediated Reduction of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Circulation, April 22, 2008; 117(16): 2123 - 2130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Allison, M. J. Budoff, N. D. Wong, R. S. Blumenthal, P. J. Schreiner, and M. H. Criqui Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Selected US Hispanic Ethnic Groups: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2008; 167(8): 962 - 969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. G. Brown and A. J. Taylor Does ENHANCE Diminish Confidence in Lowering LDL or in Ezetimibe? N. Engl. J. Med., April 3, 2008; 358(14): 1504 - 1507. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J.P. Kastelein and E. de Groot Ultrasound imaging techniques for the evaluation of cardiovascular therapies Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2008; 29(7): 849 - 858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. A. Benedetto, G. Tripepi, F. Mallamaci, and C. Zoccali Rate of Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation Predicts Cardiovascular Events in ESRD J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2008; 19(4): 757 - 763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Greenland and D. Lloyd-Jones Critical Lessons From the ENHANCE Trial JAMA, February 27, 2008; 299(8): 953 - 955. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Mancia and G. Grassi Editorial: The new European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology (ESH/ESC) Guidelines Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, February 1, 2008; 2(1): 5 - 12. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Telles, C. Lanna, G. Ferreira, A. Souza, T. Navarro, and A. Ribeiro Carotid atherosclerotic alterations in systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated at a Brazilian university setting Lupus, February 1, 2008; 17(2): 105 - 113. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.I. Alexandraki, P. Makras, A.D. Protogerou, K. Dimitriou, A. Stathopoulou, D.S. Papadogias, P. Voidonikola, G. Piaditis, A. Pittas, C.M. Papamichael, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with multisystem Langerhans-cell histiocytosis: evidence of glucose metabolism abnormalities QJM, January 1, 2008; 101(1): 31 - 40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Coll, C. Alonso-Villaverde, and L. Masana Influence of Inflammatory Variables on Intima-Media Thickness Stroke, January 1, 2008; 39(1): e16 - e16. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Aschbacher, R. von Kanel, P. J. Mills, S. Hong, S. K. Roepke, B. T. Mausbach, T. L. Patterson, M. G. Ziegler, J. E. Dimsdale, S. Ancoli-Israel, et al. Combination of Caregiving Stress and Hormone Replacement Therapy is Associated With Prolonged Platelet Activation to Acute Stress Among Postmenopausal Women Psychosom Med, November 1, 2007; 69(9): 910 - 917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Mita, H. Watada, T. Shimizu, Y. Tamura, F. Sato, T. Watanabe, J. B. Choi, T. Hirose, Y. Tanaka, and R. Kawamori Nateglinide Reduces Carotid Intima-Media Thickening in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Under Good Glycemic Control Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2456 - 2462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Coll, S. Parra, C. Alonso-Villaverde, G. Aragones, M. Montero, J. Camps, J. Joven, and L. Masana The Role of Immunity and Inflammation in the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Patients With HIV Infection Stroke, September 1, 2007; 38(9): 2477 - 2484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-M. Yu, Q. Zhang, L. Lam, H. Lin, S.-L. Kong, W. Chan, J. W.-H. Fung, K. K K Cheng, I. H.-S. Chan, S. W.-L. Lee, et al. Comparison of intensive and low-dose atorvastatin therapy in the reduction of carotid intimal-medial thickness in patients with coronary heart disease Heart, August 1, 2007; 93(8): 933 - 939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Raggi and A. Bellasi Review: Imaging to assess effect of medical therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, July 1, 2007; 7(4): 157 - 164. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. W. B. Nanayakkara, C. van Guldener, P. M. ter Wee, P. G. Scheffer, F. J. van Ittersum, J. W. Twisk, T. Teerlink, W. van Dorp, and C. D. A. Stehouwer Effect of a Treatment Strategy Consisting of Pravastatin, Vitamin E, and Homocysteine Lowering on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Endothelial Function, and Renal Function in Patients With Mild to Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease: Results From the Anti-Oxidant Therapy in Chronic Renal Insufficiency (ATIC) Study Arch Intern Med, June 25, 2007; 167(12): 1262 - 1270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members:, G. Mancia, G. De Backer, A. Dominiczak, R. Cifkova, R. Fagard, G. Germano, G. Grassi, A. M. Heagerty, S. E. Kjeldsen, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur. Heart J., June 11, 2007; (2007) ehm236v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E.J. Lee, H.J. Kim, J.M. Bae, J.C. Kim, H.J. Han, C.S. Park, N.H. Park, M.S. Kim, and J.A. Ryu Relevance of Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Carotid Plaque as Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2007; 28(5): 916 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. J. Kullo and A. R. Malik Arterial Ultrasonography and Tonometry as Adjuncts to Cardiovascular Risk Stratification J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 3, 2007; 49(13): 1413 - 1426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Napoli and L. J Ignarro Polymorphisms in endothelial nitric oxide synthase and carotid artery atherosclerosis J. Clin. Pathol., April 1, 2007; 60(4): 341 - 344. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Kida and T. Sato Pioglitazone vs Glimepiride and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness JAMA, March 28, 2007; 297(12): 1316 - 1316. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Crouse III, J. S. Raichlen, W. A. Riley, G. W. Evans, M. K. Palmer, D. H. O'Leary, D. E. Grobbee, M. L. Bots, and for the METEOR Study Group Effect of Rosuvastatin on Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Low-Risk Individuals With Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The METEOR Trial JAMA, March 28, 2007; 297(12): 1344 - 1353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Revkin, C. L. Shear, H. G. Pouleur, S. W. Ryder, and D. G. Orloff Biomarkers in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Need, Validation, and Future Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2007; 59(1): 40 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Johnson, P. S. Douglas, S. R. Srinivasan, M. G. Bond, R. Tang, S. Li, W. Chen, G. S. Berenson, and J. H. Stein Predictors of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression in Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study Stroke, March 1, 2007; 38(3): 900 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Bots, D. Baldassarre, A. Simon, E. de Groot, D. H. O'Leary, W. Riley, J. J. Kastelein, and D. E. Grobbee Carotid intima-media thickness and coronary atherosclerosis: weak or strong relations? Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2007; 28(4): 398 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. R. Bates, C. J. D. Babb, D. E. Casey, C. U. Cates, G. R. Duckwiler, T. E. Feldman, W. A. Gray, K. Ouriel, E. D. Peterson, K. Rosenfield, et al. ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Carotid Stenting: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN Clinical Expert Consensus Document Committee on Carotid Stenting) Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2007; 12(1): 35 - 83. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Stewart, D. L. Janicki, M. F. Muldoon, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, and T. W. Kamarck Negative Emotions and 3-Year Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Arch Gen Psychiatry, February 1, 2007; 64(2): 225 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Belay, P. F. Belamarich, and C. Tom-Revzon The Use of Statins in Pediatrics: Knowledge Base, Limitations, and Future Directions Pediatrics, February 1, 2007; 119(2): 370 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
American Society of Interventional & Therapeutic N, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interve, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, E. R. Bates, J. D. Babb, D. E. Casey Jr, C. U. Cates, G. R. Duckwiler, T. E. Feldman, et al. ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Carotid Stenting: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN Clinical Expert Consensus Document Committee on Carotid Stenting) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 2, 2007; 49(1): 126 - 170. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Rippe, T. J. Angelopoulos, and L. Zukley The Rationale for Intervention to Reduce the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, January 1, 2007; 1(1): 10 - 19. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. J. Dzau, E. M. Antman, H. R. Black, D. L. Hayes, J. E. Manson, J. Plutzky, J. J. Popma, and W. Stevenson The Cardiovascular Disease Continuum Validated: Clinical Evidence of Improved Patient Outcomes: Part II: Clinical Trial Evidence (Acute Coronary Syndromes Through Renal Disease) and Future Directions Circulation, December 19, 2006; 114(25): 2871 - 2891. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Mazzone, P. M. Meyer, S. B. Feinstein, M. H. Davidson, G. T. Kondos, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, A. Perez, J.-C. Provost, and S. M. Haffner Effect of Pioglitazone Compared With Glimepiride on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial JAMA, December 6, 2006; 296(21): 2572 - 2581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M Allocca, A Crosignani, A Gritti, G Ghilardi, D Gobatti, D Caruso, M Zuin, M Podda, and P M Battezzati Hypercholesterolaemia is not associated with early atherosclerotic lesions in primary biliary cirrhosis Gut, December 1, 2006; 55(12): 1795 - 1800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Abilleira, S. Bevan, and H. S Markus The role of genetic variants of matrix metalloproteinases in coronary and carotid atherosclerosis J. Med. Genet., December 1, 2006; 43(12): 897 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Yamasaki, N. Katakami, K. Sakamoto, H. Kaneto, M. Matsuhisa, H. Sato, M. Hori, M. Haneda, A. Kashiwagi, Y. Tanaka, et al. Combination of multiple genetic risk factors is synergistically associated with carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, November 1, 2006; 29(11): 2445 - 2451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Tsivgoulis, K. Spengos, and N. Zakopoulos Response to Letter by Talelli and Ellul Stroke, November 1, 2006; 37(11): 2656 - 2656. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kanadasi, M. Cayli, M. San, K. Aikimbaev, C. C. Alhan, M. Demir, and M. Demirtas The Presence of a Calcific Plaque in the Common Carotid Artery as a Predictor of Coronary Atherosclerosis Angiology, October 1, 2006; 57(5): 585 - 592. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. S. Ali and D. J. Maron Screening for Coronary Disease in Diabetes: When and How Clin. Diabetes, October 1, 2006; 24(4): 169 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Taylor Evidence to support aggressive management of HDL-cholesterol: implications of recent trials Eur. Heart J. Suppl., October 1, 2006; 8(suppl_F): F74 - F80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yokoyama, N. Katakami, and Y. Yamasaki Recent Advances of Intervention to Inhibit Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Stroke, September 1, 2006; 37(9): 2420 - 2427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Volcik, R. A. Barkley, R. G. Hutchinson, T. H. Mosley, G. Heiss, A. R. Sharrett, C. M. Ballantyne, and E. Boerwinkle Apolipoprotein E Polymorphisms Predict Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Carotid Artery Wall Thickness but Not Incident Coronary Heart Disease in 12,491 ARIC Study Participants Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2006; 164(4): 342 - 348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Dijk, Y. van der Graaf, M. L. Bots, D. E. Grobbee, A. Algra, and on behalf of the SMART study group Carotid intima-media thickness and the risk of new vascular events in patients with manifest atherosclerotic disease: the SMART study Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2006; 27(16): 1971 - 1978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Crouse III Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Imaging atherosclerosis: state of the art J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 1677 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L. Pulkki-Raback, S. Puttonen, J. Viikari, and O. T. Raitakari Childhood Hyperactivity as a Predictor of Carotid Artery Intima Media Thickness Over a Period of 21 Years: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study Psychosom Med, July 1, 2006; 68(4): 509 - 516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Tsivgoulis, K. Vemmos, C. Papamichael, K. Spengos, E. Manios, K. Stamatelopoulos, D. Vassilopoulos, and N. Zakopoulos Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and the Risk of Stroke Recurrence Stroke, July 1, 2006; 37(7): 1913 - 1916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. R.S. Fernandes, J. F. Polak, T. Edvardsen, B. Carvalho, A. Gomes, D. A. Bluemke, K. Nasir, D. H. O'Leary, and J. A.C. Lima Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Incipient Regional Myocardial Dysfunction in Asymptomatic Individuals: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 20, 2006; 47(12): 2420 - 2428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Vasan Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease: Molecular Basis and Practical Considerations Circulation, May 16, 2006; 113(19): 2335 - 2362. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Lo, S. E. Dolan, J. R. Kanter, L. C. Hemphill, J. M. Connelly, R. S. Lees, and S. K. Grinspoon Effects of Obesity, Body Composition, and Adiponectin on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Healthy Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2006; 91(5): 1677 - 1682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Molitch, D. R. Clemmons, S. Malozowski, G. R. Merriam, S. M. Shalet, M. L. Vance, and for The Endocrine Society's Clinical Guidelines Su Evaluation and Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2006; 91(5): 1621 - 1634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Watanabe, S. Soderlund, A. Soro-Paavonen, A. Hiukka, E. Leinonen, C. Alagona, R. Salonen, T.-P. Tuomainen, C. Ehnholm, M. Jauhiainen, et al. Decreased High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Particle Size, Pre{beta}-, and Large HDL Subspecies Concentration in Finnish Low-HDL Families: Relationship With Intima-Media Thickness Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 2006; 26(4): 897 - 902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Bots, G. W. Evans, W. Riley, K. H. McBride, E. D. Paskett, F. A. Helmond, D. E. Grobbee, and for the OPAL Investigators The effect of tibolone and continuous combined conjugated equine oestrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate on progression of carotid intima-media thickness: the Osteoporosis Prevention and Arterial effects of tiboLone (OPAL) study Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2006; 27(6): 746 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Staub, A. Meyerhans, B. Bundi, H. P. Schmid, and B. Frauchiger Prediction of Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: Comparison of the Internal Carotid Artery Resistive Index With the Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness Stroke, March 1, 2006; 37(3): 800 - 805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
Article
