 |
 |
|
|
|  PubMed
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 October 1995 | Volume 123 Issue 7 | Pages 518-527
Objective: To quantify the protective efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons.
Data Sources: A MEDLINE search was done using the index terms influenza vaccine, vaccine efficacy, elderly, mortality, hospitalized, and pneumonia. Appropriate references in the initially selected articles were also reviewed.
Study Selection: Only cohort observational studies with mortality assessment were included in the meta-analysis. In addition, 3 recent case–control studies, 2 cost-effectiveness studies, and 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial were reviewed.
Data Extraction: Vaccine and epidemic virus strains, age and sex of patients, severity of illness, patient status, and study design were recorded. Upper respiratory illness, hospitalization, pneumonia, and mortality were used as outcome measures.
Data Synthesis: In a meta-analysis of 20 cohort studies, the pooled estimates of vaccine efficacy (1 –odds ratio) were 56% (95% CI, 39% to 68%) for preventing respiratory illness, 53% (CI, 35% to 66%) for preventing pneumonia, 50% (CI, 28% to 65%) for preventing hospitalization, and 68% (CI, 56% to 76%) for preventing death.
Vaccine efficacy in the case–control studies ranged from 32% to 45% for preventing hospitalization for pneumonia, from 31% to 65% for preventing hospital deaths from pneumonia and influenza, from 43% to 50% for preventing hospital deaths from all respiratory conditions, and from 27% to 30% for preventing deaths from all causes. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed a 50% or greater reduction in influenza-related illness. Recent cost-effectiveness studies confirm the efficacy of influenza vaccine in reducing influenza-related morbidity and mortality and show that vaccine provides important cost savings per year per vaccinated person.
Conclusion: Despite the paucity of randomized trials, many studies confirm that influenza vaccine reduces the risks for pneumonia, hospitalization, and death in elderly persons during an influenza epidemic if the vaccine strain is identical or similar to the epidemic strain. Influenza immunization is an indispensable part of the care of persons 65 years of age and older. Annual vaccine administration requires the attention of all physicians and public health organizations.
Author and Article Information
From Hackensack Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey; New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and the Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland.
REVIEW
The Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine in Elderly Persons
A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature
Acknowledgments: The authors thank Mark Solomon for manuscript preparation and Duressa Pujat for reference services.
Grant Support: In part by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Contract 223-90-1102.
Requests for Reprints: Peter A. Gross, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Hackensack Medical Center, 30 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ 07601.
Current Author Addresses: Dr. Gross: Department of Internal Medicine, Hackensack Medical Center, 30 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ 07601.
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Facebook 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A Holvast, C A Stegeman, C A Benne, A Huckriede, J C Wilschut, A M Palache, C G M Kallenberg, and M Bijl Wegener's granulomatosis patients show an adequate antibody response to influenza vaccination Ann Rheum Dis, June 1, 2009; 68(6): 873 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Lowen, J. Steel, S. Mubareka, E. Carnero, A. Garcia-Sastre, and P. Palese Blocking Interhost Transmission of Influenza Virus by Vaccination in the Guinea Pig Model J. Virol., April 1, 2009; 83(7): 2803 - 2818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. T. Alpert An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Cure? Home Health Care Management Practice, April 1, 2009; 21(3): 214 - 216. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. de Diego, A. Vila-Corcoles, O. Ochoa, T. Rodriguez-Blanco, E. Salsench, I. Hospital, F. Bejarano, M. del Puy Muniain, M. Fortin, M. Canals, et al. Effects of annual influenza vaccination on winter mortality in elderly people with chronic heart disease Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2009; 30(2): 209 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. L. Nichol, S. D'Heilly, and E. P. Ehlinger Influenza Vaccination Among College and University Students: Impact on Influenzalike Illness, Health Care Use, and Impaired School Performance Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, December 1, 2008; 162(12): 1113 - 1118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. N. Gerard, W. E. Trick, K. Das, M. Charles-Damte, G. A. Murphy, and I. M. Benson Use of Clinical Decision Support to Increase Influenza Vaccination: Multi-year Evolution of the System J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., November 1, 2008; 15(6): 776 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. de Boer, J. T. van Dissel, T. W. J. Kuijpers, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, F. P. Kroon, and T. H. M. Ottenhoff Influenza Virus Vaccination Induces Interleukin-12/23 Receptor {beta}1 (IL-12/23R{beta}1)-Independent Production of Gamma Interferon (IFN-{gamma}) and Humoral Immunity in Patients with Genetic Deficiencies in IL-12/23R{beta}1 or IFN-{gamma} Receptor I Clin. Vaccine Immunol., August 1, 2008; 15(8): 1171 - 1175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. G. Masterton, A. Galloway, G. French, M. Street, J. Armstrong, E. Brown, J. Cleverley, P. Dilworth, C. Fry, A. D. Gascoigne, et al. Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the UK: Report of the Working Party on Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy J. Antimicrob. Chemother., July 1, 2008; 62(1): 5 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Clayton, M. Thompson, and T. W. Meade Recent respiratory infection and risk of cardiovascular disease: case-control study through a general practice database Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2008; 29(1): 96 - 103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. K. Tosh, T. G. Boyce, and G. A. Poland Flu Myths: Dispelling the Myths Associated With Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2008; 83(1): 77 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. G. S. C. Jansen, E. A. M. Sanders, A. W. Hoes, A. M. van Loon, and E. Hak Influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality and hospitalisations Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2007; 30(6): 1158 - 1166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. F. Antunes, E. A. Waldman, C. Borrell, and T. M. Paiva Effectiveness of influenza vaccination and its impact on health inequalities Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2007; 36(6): 1319 - 1326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Zheng, Y. Zhang, H. He, E. Marinova, K. Switzer, D. Wansley, I. Mbawuike, and S. Han Rectification of Age-Associated Deficiency in Cytotoxic T Cell Response to Influenza A Virus by Immunization with Immune Complexes J. Immunol., November 1, 2007; 179(9): 6153 - 6159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. L. Nichol, J. D. Nordin, D. B. Nelson, J. P. Mullooly, and E. Hak Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine in the Community-Dwelling Elderly N. Engl. J. Med., October 4, 2007; 357(14): 1373 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Menendez and A. Torres Treatment Failure in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Chest, October 1, 2007; 132(4): 1348 - 1355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ortqvist, F. Granath, J. Askling, and J. Hedlund Influenza vaccination and mortality: prospective cohort study of the elderly in a large geographical area Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2007; 30(3): 414 - 422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. L. de Andres, P. C. Garrido, V. Hernandez-Barrera, S. V.-F. del Pozo, A. G. de Miguel, and R. Jimenez-Garcia Influenza vaccination among the elderly Spanish population: trend from 1993 to 2003 and vaccination-related factors* Eur J Public Health, June 1, 2007; 17(3): 272 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Kimura, C. N. Nguyen, J. I. Higa, E. L. Hurwitz, and D. J. Vugia The Effectiveness of Vaccine Day and Educational Interventions on Influenza Vaccine Coverage Among Health Care Workers at Long-Term Care Facilities Am J Public Health, April 1, 2007; 97(4): 684 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Doe, S. Pathare, C. A. Kelly, C. R. Heycock, J. Binding, and J. Hamilton Uptake of influenza vaccination in patients on immunosuppressant agents for rheumatological diseases: a follow-up audit of the influence of secondary care Rheumatology, April 1, 2007; 46(4): 715 - 716. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Spaude, E. Abrutyn, C. Kirchner, A. Kim, J. Daley, and D. N. Fisman Influenza Vaccination and Risk of Mortality Among Adults Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia Arch Intern Med, January 8, 2007; 167(1): 53 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. C. G. Voordouw, M. C. J. M. Sturkenboom, J. P. Dieleman, T. Stijnen, J. van der Lei, and B. H. C. Stricker Annual influenza vaccination in community-dwelling elderly individuals and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections or pneumonia. Arch Intern Med, October 9, 2006; 166(18): 1980 - 1985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Gorse, T. Z. O'Connor, S. L. Young, M. P. Habib, J. Wittes, K. M. Neuzil, and K. L. Nichol Impact of a Winter Respiratory Virus Season on Patients With COPD and Association With Influenza Vaccination. Chest, October 1, 2006; 130(4): 1109 - 1116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Zoeteweij, D. E. Epperson, J. D. Porter, C. X. Zhang, O. Y. Frolova, A. P. Constantinides, S. R. Fuhrmann, M. El-Amine, J.-H. Tian, L. R. Ellingsworth, et al. GM1 Binding-Deficient Exotoxin Is a Potent Noninflammatory Broad Spectrum Intradermal Immunoadjuvant J. Immunol., July 15, 2006; 177(2): 1197 - 1207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Holvast, A Huckriede, J Wilschut, G Horst, J J C De Vries, C A Benne, C G M Kallenberg, and M Bijl Safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with quiescent disease Ann Rheum Dis, July 1, 2006; 65(7): 913 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P Currie and J G. Douglas Non-pharmacological management. BMJ, June 10, 2006; 332(7554): 1379 - 1381. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Doyle, I. Bonmarin, D. Levy-Bruhl, Y. L. Strat, and J.-C. Desenclos Influenza pandemic preparedness in France: modelling the impact of interventions J Epidemiol Community Health, May 1, 2006; 60(5): 399 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. W. Link, I. B. Ahluwalia, G. L. Euler, C. B. Bridges, S. Y. Chu, and P. M. Wortley Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Coverage among Adults during the 2004-2005 Season Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2006; 163(6): 571 - 578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. J. Barnes and C. Quigley Flu vaccination in nursing homes: a survey of nursing-home managers J. Public Health Med., March 1, 2006; 28(1): 56 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Chalmers Double-blind peer reviewed paper The role of healthcare workers in influenza prevention: Part one Journal of Infection Prevention, February 1, 2006; 7(1): 16 - 20. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Gluck Vaccinate your immunocompromised patients! Rheumatology, January 1, 2006; 45(1): 9 - 10. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Woodhead, F. Blasi, S. Ewig, G. Huchon, M. Leven, A. Ortqvist, T. Schaberg, A. Torres, G. van der Heijden, and T. J. M. Verheij Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2005; 26(6): 1138 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. W. Thompson, D. K. Shay, E. Weintraub, L. Brammer, N. J. Cox, and K. Fukuda Influenza Vaccination Among the Elderly in the United States Arch Intern Med, September 26, 2005; 165(17): 2038 - 2039. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.-J. Lu, J. A. Singleton, M. C. Rangel, P. M. Wortley, and C. B. Bridges Influenza Vaccination Trends Among Adults 65 Years or Older in the United States, 1989-2002 Arch Intern Med, September 12, 2005; 165(16): 1849 - 1856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. M. Gardner Caloric Restriction Decreases Survival of Aged Mice in Response to Primary Influenza Infection J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2005; 60(6): 688 - 694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. T. Wu, L. M. Wein, and A. S. Perelson Optimization of Influenza Vaccine Selection Operations Research, May 1, 2005; 53(3): 456 - 476. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Hak, E. Buskens, G. A. van Essen, D. H. de Bakker, D. E. Grobbee, M. A. J. B. Tacken, B. A. van Hout, and T. J. M. Verheij Clinical Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in Persons Younger Than 65 Years With High-Risk Medical Conditions: The PRISMA Study Arch Intern Med, February 14, 2005; 165(3): 274 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. R. Dexter, S. M. Perkins, K. S. Maharry, K. Jones, and C. J. McDonald Inpatient Computer-Based Standing Orders vs Physician Reminders to Increase Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Rates: A Randomized Trial JAMA, November 17, 2004; 292(19): 2366 - 2371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. G. Voordouw, M. C. J. M. Sturkenboom, J. P. Dieleman, Th. Stijnen, D. J. Smith, J. van der Lei, and B. H. Ch. Stricker Annual Revaccination Against Influenza and Mortality Risk in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons JAMA, November 3, 2004; 292(17): 2089 - 2095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R Menendez, A Torres, R Zalacain, J Aspa, J J Martin Villasclaras, L Borderias, J M Benitez Moya, J Ruiz-Manzano, F Rodriguez de Castro, J Blanquer, et al. Risk factors of treatment failure in community acquired pneumonia: implications for disease outcome Thorax, November 1, 2004; 59(11): 960 - 965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M Reilly The essence of EBM BMJ, October 30, 2004; 329(7473): 991 - 992. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. G Armstrong, P. Mangtani, A. Fletcher, S. Kovats, A. McMichael, S. Pattenden, and P. Wilkinson Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people BMJ, September 18, 2004; 329(7467): 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A Gross Postexposure prophylaxis with oseltamivir reduced influenza transmission in households Evid. Based Med., September 1, 2004; 9(5): 142 - 142. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Guebre-Xabier, S. A. Hammond, L. R. Ellingsworth, and G. M. Glenn Immunostimulant Patch Enhances Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Vaccine in Aged Mice J. Virol., July 15, 2004; 78(14): 7610 - 7618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Wongsurakiat, K. N. Maranetra, C. Wasi, U. Kositanont, W. Dejsomritrutai, and S. Charoenratanakul Acute Respiratory Illness in Patients With COPD and the Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination: A Randomized Controlled Study Chest, June 1, 2004; 125(6): 2011 - 2020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. F. Dowell Surviving Pneumonia--Just a Short-Term Lease on Life? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 15, 2004; 169(8): 895 - 896. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G Hudgens, P. B Gilbert, and S. G Self Endpoints in vaccine trials Statistical Methods in Medical Research, April 1, 2004; 13(2): 89 - 114. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Christenson, J. Hedlund, P. Lundbergh, and A. Ortqvist Additive preventive effect of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in elderly persons Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2004; 23(3): 363 - 368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Y. Takahashi, H. R. Okhravi, L. S. Lim, and M. J. Kasten Preventive Health Care in the Elderly Population: A Guide for Practicing Physicians Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2004; 79(3): 416 - 427. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Madjid, M. Naghavi, S. Litovsky, and S. W. Casscells Influenza and Cardiovascular Disease: A New Opportunity for Prevention and the Need for Further Studies Circulation, December 2, 2003; 108(22): 2730 - 2736. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L J Tata, J West, T Harrison, P Farrington, C Smith, and R Hubbard Does influenza vaccination increase consultations, corticosteroid prescriptions, or exacerbations in subjects with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Thorax, October 1, 2003; 58(10): 835 - 839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Ford, D. M. Mannino, and S. G. Williams Asthma and Influenza Vaccination: Findings From the 1999-2001 National Health Interview Surveys Chest, September 1, 2003; 124(3): 783 - 789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. C. G. Voordouw, P. D. van der Linden, S. Simonian, J. van der Lei, M. C. J. M. Sturkenboom, and B. H. C. Stricker Influenza Vaccination in Community-Dwelling Elderly: Impact on Mortality and Influenza-Associated Morbidity Arch Intern Med, May 12, 2003; 163(9): 1089 - 1094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Antonen, R. Pyhala, P. M. Hannula, I. O. Ala-Houhala, R. Santanen, N. Ikonen, and H. H. T. Saha Influenza vaccination of dialysis patients: cross-reactivity of induced haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to H3N2 subtype antigenic variants is comparable with the response of naturally infected young healthy adults Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2003; 18(4): 777 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Ferguson, S. Mallett, H. Jackson, N. Roberts, and P. Ward A population-dynamic model for evaluating the potential spread of drug-resistant influenza virus infections during community-based use of antivirals J. Antimicrob. Chemother., April 1, 2003; 51(4): 977 - 990. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Takahashi, Y. Noguchi, M. Rahman, T. Shimbo, M. Goto, K. Matsui, A. Asai, M. Onishi, H. Koyama, I. Sawada, et al. Influence of family on acceptance of influenza vaccination among Japanese patients Fam. Pract., April 1, 2003; 20(2): 162 - 166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. W. Thompson, D. K. Shay, E. Weintraub, L. Brammer, N. Cox, L. J. Anderson, and K. Fukuda Mortality Associated With Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the United States JAMA, January 8, 2003; 289(2): 179 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Schwaiger, A. M. Wolf, P. Robatscher, B. Jenewein, and B. Grubeck-Loebenstein IL-4-Producing CD8+ T Cells with a CD62L++(bright) Phenotype Accumulate in a Subgroup of Older Adults and Are Associated with the Maintenance of Intact Humoral Immunity in Old Age J. Immunol., January 1, 2003; 170(1): 613 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E Hak, T. J M Verheij, D E Grobbee, K L Nichol, and A W Hoes Confounding by indication in non-experimental evaluation of vaccine effectiveness: the example of prevention of influenza complications J Epidemiol Community Health, December 1, 2002; 56(12): 951 - 955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Bratzler, P. M. Houck, H. Jiang, W. Nsa, C. Shook, L. Moore, and L. Red Failure to Vaccinate Medicare Inpatients: A Missed Opportunity Arch Intern Med, November 11, 2002; 162(20): 2349 - 2356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Jackson, O. Yu, S. R. Heckbert, B. M. Psaty, D. Malais, W. E. Barlow, and W. W. Thompson Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated with a Reduction in the Risk of Recurrent Coronary Events Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2002; 156(7): 634 - 640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. H. Menec, L. MacWilliam, and F. Y. Aoki Hospitalizations and Deaths Due to Respiratory Illnesses During Influenza Seasons: A Comparison of Community Residents, Senior Housing Residents, and Nursing Home Residents J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., October 1, 2002; 57(10): M629 - 635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Wouters-Wesseling, M. Rozendaal, M. Snijder, Y. Graus, G. Rimmelzwaan, L. de Groot, and J. Bindels Effect of a Complete Nutritional Supplement on Antibody Response to Influenza Vaccine in Elderly People J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., September 1, 2002; 57(9): M563 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-P. Humair, C. R. Buchs, and H. Stalder Promoting influenza vaccination of elderly patients in primary care Fam. Pract., August 1, 2002; 19(4): 383 - 389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D P Weerasinghe, C R MacIntyre, and G L Rubin Seasonality of coronary artery deaths in New South Wales, Australia Heart, July 1, 2002; 88(1): 30 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Saurwein-Teissl, T. L. Lung, F. Marx, C. Gschosser, E. Asch, I. Blasko, W. Parson, G. Bock, D. Schonitzer, E. Trannoy, et al. Lack of Antibody Production Following Immunization in Old Age: Association with CD8+CD28- T Cell Clonal Expansions and an Imbalance in the Production of Th1 and Th2 Cytokines J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5893 - 5899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A Gross Review: inactivated vaccines provide the greatest protection against influenza in healthy people Evid. Based Med., May 1, 2002; 7(3): 75 - 75. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. C. Marshall, C. Henshaw, D. A. Evans, K. Bleyl, S. Alder, and T. G. Liou Influenza Vaccination Coverage Level at a Cystic Fibrosis Center Pediatrics, May 1, 2002; 109(5): e80 - 80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Verweij and M. van den Hoven Influenza vaccination rates and informed consent in Dutch nursing homes: survey of nursing home physicians BMJ, February 9, 2002; 324(7333): 328 - 328. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. McGeer Oseltamivir was safe and effective for prophylaxis of influenza in the frail elderly Evid. Based Med., January 1, 2002; 7(1): 10 - 10. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Goronzy, J. W. Fulbright, C. S. Crowson, G. A. Poland, W. M. O'Fallon, and C. M. Weyand Value of Immunological Markers in Predicting Responsiveness to Influenza Vaccination in Elderly Individuals J. Virol., December 15, 2001; 75(24): 12182 - 12187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
BTS Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults Thorax, December 1, 2001; 56(90004): iv1 - 64. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. C. Rhew Quality Indicators for the Management of Pneumonia in Vulnerable Elders Ann Intern Med, October 16, 2001; 135(8_Part_2): 736 - 743. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. Dexter, S. Perkins, J. M. Overhage, K. Maharry, R. B. Kohler, and C. J. McDonald A Computerized Reminder System to Increase the Use of Preventive Care for Hospitalized Patients N. Engl. J. Med., September 27, 2001; 345(13): 965 - 970. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. I. Kiefe, J. J. Allison, O. D. Williams, S. D. Person, M. T. Weaver, and N. W. Weissman Improving Quality Improvement Using Achievable Benchmarks For Physician Feedback: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, June 13, 2001; 285(22): 2871 - 2879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Niederman, L. A. Mandell, A. Anzueto, J. B. Bass, W. A. Broughton, G. D. Campbell, N. Dean, T. File, M. J. Fine, P. A. Gross, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia . Diagnosis, Assessment of Severity, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Prevention Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., June 1, 2001; 163(7): 1730 - 1754. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Reichert, N. Sugaya, D. S. Fedson, W. P. Glezen, L. Simonsen, and M. Tashiro The Japanese Experience with Vaccinating Schoolchildren against Influenza N. Engl. J. Med., March 22, 2001; 344(12): 889 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. E. Schabas Mass influenza vaccination in Ontario: a sensible move Can. Med. Assoc. J., January 1, 2001; 164(1): 36 - 37. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Demicheli Mass influenza vaccination in Ontario: Is it worthwhile? Can. Med. Assoc. J., January 1, 2001; 164(1): 38 - 39. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Couch Influenza: Prospects for Control Ann Intern Med, December 19, 2000; 133(12): 992 - 998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Naghavi, Z. Barlas, S. Siadaty, S. Naguib, M. Madjid, and W. Casscells Association of Influenza Vaccination and Reduced Risk of Recurrent Myocardial Infarction Circulation, December 19, 2000; 102(25): 3039 - 3045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Couch Prevention and Treatment of Influenza N. Engl. J. Med., December 14, 2000; 343(24): 1778 - 1787. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. Bridges, W. W. Thompson, M. I. Meltzer, G. R. Reeve, W. J. Talamonti, N. J. Cox, H. A. Lilac, H. Hall, A. Klimov, and K. Fukuda Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit of Influenza Vaccination of Healthy Working Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, October 4, 2000; 284(13): 1655 - 1663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Siscovick, T. E. Raghunathan, D. Lin, S. Weinmann, P. Arbogast, R. N. Lemaitre, B. M. Psaty, R. Alexander, and L. A. Cobb Influenza Vaccination and the Risk of Primary Cardiac Arrest Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2000; 152(7): 674 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. DEGUCHI, Y. TAKASUGI, and K. TATARA Efficacy of influenza vaccine in the elderly in welfare nursing homes: reduction in risks of mortality and morbidity during an influenza A (H3N2) epidemic J. Med. Microbiol., June 1, 2000; 49(6): 553 - 556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Smith, S. Forrest, D. H. Ackley, and A. S. Perelson Variable efficacy of repeated annual influenza vaccination PNAS, November 23, 1999; 96(24): 14001 - 14006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Loeb, A. McGeer, M. McArthur, S. Walter, and A. E. Simor Risk Factors for Pneumonia and Other Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Elderly Residents of Long-term Care Facilities Arch Intern Med, September 27, 1999; 159(17): 2058 - 2064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Lacasse, D. Brooks, and R. S. Goldstein Trends in the Epidemiology of COPD in Canada, 1980 to 1995 Chest, August 1, 1999; 116(2): 306 - 313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Poland and R. Couch Intranasal Influenza Vaccine: Adding to the Armamentarium for Influenza Control JAMA, July 14, 1999; 282(2): 182 - 184. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Patriarca New Options for Prevention and Control of Influenza JAMA, July 7, 1999; 282(1): 75 - 77. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Wilde, J. A. McMillan, J. Serwint, J. Butta, M. A. O'Riordan, and M. C. Steinhoff Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine in Health Care Professionals: A Randomized Trial JAMA, March 10, 1999; 281(10): 908 - 913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Nichol, L. Baken, and A. Nelson Relation between Influenza Vaccination and Outpatient Visits, Hospitalization, and Mortality in Elderly Persons with Chronic Lung Disease Ann Intern Med, March 2, 1999; 130(5): 397 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. Tang, M. P. LaRosa, C. Newcomb, and S. M. Gorden Measuring the Effects of Reminders for Outpatient Influenza Immunizations at the Point of Clinical Opportunity J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., March 1, 1999; 6(2): 115 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Kollef The Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia N. Engl. J. Med., February 25, 1999; 340(8): 627 - 634. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. E. P. Beyer, I. A. de Bruijn, A. M. Palache, R. G. J. Westendorp, and A. D. M. E. Osterhaus Protection Against Influenza After Annually Repeated Vaccination: A Meta-analysis of Serologic and Field Studies Arch Intern Med, January 25, 1999; 159(2): 182 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. McColl, P. Roderick, J. Gabbay, H. Smith, and M. Moore Performance indicators for primary care groups: an evidence based approach BMJ, November 14, 1998; 317(7169): 1354 - 1360. [Full Text]
|
|
