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1 March 1995 | Volume 122 Issue 5 | Pages 327-334
Objective: To determine whether physical inactivity and obesity increase risk for colon cancer and adenomas, which are precursors of cancer, and whether the abdominal distribution of obesity is an independent risk factor for these events.
Design: Prospective cohort study.
Setting: United States.
Patients: 47 723 male health professionals, 40 to 75 years of age, who responded to a questionnaire mailed in 1986.
Measurements: Questionnaires in 1986 about physical activity level and body mass index, and questionnaires in 1987 (31 055 respondents) about waist and hip circumferences. Between 1986 and 1992, 203 new patients were diagnosed with colon cancer and 586 were diagnosed with adenomas.
Results: Physical activity was inversely associated with risk for colon cancer (high compared with low quintiles of average energy expenditure from leisure-time activities: relative risk, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.32 to 0.88], P for trend = 0.03) after adjustment for age; history of colorectal polyp; previous endoscopy; parental history of colorectal cancer; smoking; body mass; use of aspirin; and intake of red meat, dietary fiber, folate, and alcohol. Body mass index was directly associated with risk for colon cancer independently of physical activity level. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were strong risk factors for colon cancer (waist-to-hip ratio
Conclusions: The results support an inverse association between physical activity and risk for colon cancer, whereas height and obesity, particularly abdominal adiposity, are associated with an elevated risk.
Author and Article Information
From Harvard University Medical School, Harvard University School of Public Health, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
ARTICLE
Physical Activity, Obesity, and Risk for Colon Cancer and Adenoma in Men
0.99 compared with waist-to-hip ratio < 0.90: multivariate relative risk, 3.41 [CI, 1.52 to 7.66], P for trend = 0.01; waist circumference 43 inches compared with waist circumference < 35 inches: relative risk, 2.56 [CI, 1.33 to 4.96], P for trend < 0.001). These associations persisted even after adjustment for body mass and physical activity. Similar associations were seen between obesity and physical inactivity and adenomas of 1 cm or more, but no association was observed for smaller adenomas. Height was also associated with a higher risk for colon cancer (height 73 inches compared with height 
68 inches: multivariate relative risk, 1.76 [CI, 1.13 to 2.74], P for trend = 0.02).
Requests for Reprints: Dr. Edward Giovannucci, Channing Laboratory, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank Mira Koyfman, Mildred Wolff, Elizabeth Frost-Hawes, Kerry Pillsworth, and Jill Arnold for expert help.
Grant Support: In part by research grants HL35464 and CA 55075 from the National Institutes of Health and Special Institution Grant no. 18 from the American Cancer Society. Dr. Colditz is supported by a Faculty Research Award (FRA-398) from the American Cancer Society.
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