Figure 1. Evidence model for stages in the initiation and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and therapeutic interventions. Shaded ellipses represent stages of chronic kidney disease; unshaded ellipses represent potential antecedents or consequences of chronic kidney disease. Thick arrows between ellipses represent risk factors associated with the initiation and progression of disease that can be affected or detected by interventions: susceptibility factors (black), initiation factors (dark gray), progression factors (light gray), and end-stage factors (white) (Table 3). Interventions for each stage are given beneath the stage. Persons who appear normal should be screened for chronic kidney disease risk factors. Persons known to be at increased risk for chronic kidney disease should be screened for chronic kidney disease. "Complications" refer to all complications of chronic kidney disease and its treatment, including complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (hypertension, anemia, malnutrition, bone disease, neuropathy, and decreased quality of life) and cardiovascular disease. Reprinted with permission from reference 7.